All Issue

2026 Vol.32, Issue 3
A Review on How Education Shapes Population Structure and Climate Risks

교육이 인구구조와 기후 리스크에 미치는 영향에 관한 고찰

곽민희1 · 김오석2

Kwak, Minhee1 · Kim, Oh Seok2

1제1저자, 고려대학교 지리학과 석사과정
2교신저자, 고려대학교 지리학과, 지리교육과, 미래국토연구소 부교수
1First Author, Graduate Student, Department of Geography, Graduate School of Korea University
2Corresponding Author, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Graduate School of Korea University, Department of Geography Education, College of Education, and Institute of Future Land, Korea University
31 August 2026. pp. 1-32
PDF Citation
Abstract
This study proposes a conceptual lens that enables a comprehensive analysis of climate risks within the context of “education-population structure-climate change” dynamics based on vulnerability, a core element of the IPCC’s risk framework. To this end, we conducted a narrative review of 82 publications across three thematic areas covering education and population structure, population structure and climate change, and education and climate change. Education is not merely a socioeconomic explanatory variable but a key factor influencing fertility and mortality as well as accumulation of human capital, thereby supporting a transition from quantitative to qualitative population growth. This transition is presented as a potential long-term structural pathway linking changes in population structure to climate change vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Furthermore, the pathway exhibits spatial heterogeneity, operating unevenly depending on local socioeconomic contexts. This study is significant in that it examines the relationships among education, population structure, and climate change not as a linear causal chain but as a long-term, structural interaction, thereby offering a dynamic perspective for addressing climate risk.
Keywords
education
population structure
climate change vulnerability
adaptive capacity
spatial heterogeneity
본 연구는 기후변화에 관한 정부간 협의체(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC)의 리스크 프레임워크를 구성하는 핵심 요소 가운데 취약성 개념에 기반하여, ‘교육-인구구조-기후변화’의 상호작용적 맥락을 통합적으로 바라볼 수 있는 개념적 틀을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 서사적 문헌 고찰을 통해 교육과 인구구조, 인구구조와 기후변화, 교육과 기후변화의 세 주제 영역에 걸쳐 총 82편의 문헌을 검토하였다. 교육은 단순한 사회경제적 설명 변수가 아닌 인구의 출산율과 사망률, 인적자본의 축적 등에 영향을 미치는 핵심 요인으로, 인구의 ‘양적 성장에서 질적 성장으로의 전환’을 설명하는 핵심 기제로 논의된다. 이러한 과정은 인구구조의 변화를 통해 기후변화 취약성과 적응역량에 장기적으로 구조적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 잠재적 경로로 제시된다. 또한 이와 같은 관계는 공간적으로 균질하게 나타나지 않고, 지역의 사회경제적 맥락에 따라 불균등하게 작동한다. 본 연구는 교육-인구구조-기후변화 간의 관계를 단선적인 인과가 아닌 장기적·구조적 상호작용의 관점에서 통합적으로 검토하였다는 점에서 의의를 가지며, 기후 리스크 대응을 위한 동태적 분석 틀을 제공한다.
키워드
교육
인구구조
기후변화 취약성
적응역량
공간적 이질성
References
  1. 김병연·조철기, 2021, 학교 지리에서 기후정의 교육으로의 전환, 한국지역지리학회지, 27(3), 422-439. 10.26863/JKARG.2021.8.27.3.422
  2. 김수정, 2019, 저출산·고령화 시대 한국의 인구 정책에 관한 비판적 고찰, 한국도시지리학회지, 22(2), 143-158. 10.21189/JKUGS.22.2.11
  3. 김오석·정재헌·조남욱·강승필, 2024, 한국의 도시 및 농산어촌 장래 고령인구 전망과 비교, 한국지리학회지, 13(4), 509-524. 10.25202/JAKG.13.4.12
  4. 김우영, 2014, 인적자본의 지역간 불평등: 고령화의 영향, 대한지리학회지, 49(5), 747-760.
  5. 김지윤·김오석, 2021, 초·중·고 학령인구 감소에 의한 학교 통폐합 잠재성, 한국지역지리학회지, 27(1), 55-69. 10.26863/JKARG.2021.2.27.1.55
  6. 이정록, 2020, 인구과소지역의 인구이동과 인구구조 변화에 관한 연구: 전남 고흥군을 사례로, 한국지역지리학회지, 26(2), 172-184. 10.26863/JKARG.2020.5.26.2.172
  7. 이휘정, 2026, 정주환경이 지역의 출생률에 미치는 영향 분석 - 노후주거지를 중심으로 -, 지역과 지리, 32(2), 21-43. 10.26863/JKARG.2026.5.32.2.21
  8. 최근호·김오석, 2025, 토지변화과학과 인간-자연 공조시스템 모델링, 한국지도학회지, 25(2), 13-33. 10.16879/jkca.2025.25.2.013
  9. 한주성, 2021, 인구감소기 지역 만들기·재활성화의 방향성, 한국지역지리학회지, 27(3), 279-295. 10.26863/JKARG.2021.8.27.3.279
  10. Afzal, A., ud Din, N.S., and Hasan, S.T., 2024, Climate change and socio-economic impacts: Determinants of vulnerability for developing countries, Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 8(2), 40-56. 10.36968/JPDC-V08-I02-04
  11. Aryal, P., Gangal, M., and Karki, T.B., 2025, Exploring the role of education (formal and informal learning) in shaping climate change and disaster awareness in Sarawal Rural Municipality, Nepal, International Journal of Atharva, 3(1), 26-43. 10.3126/ija.v3i1.76710
  12. Bailey, A.J., 2011, Population geographies and climate change, Progress in Human Geography, 35(5), 686-695. 10.1177/0309132510383358
  13. Baker, D.P., Leon, J., Smith Greenaway, E.G., Collins, J., and Movit, M., 2011, The education effect on population health: A reassessment, Population and Development Review, 37(2), 307-332. 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00412.x 21984851 PMC3188849
  14. Balaj, M., Henson, C.A., Aronsson, A., Aravkin, A., Beck, K., Degail, C., Donadello, L., Eikemo, K., Friedman, J., Giouleka, A., Gradeci, I., Hay, S.I., Jensen, M.R., Mclaughlin, S.A., Mullany, E.C., O’Connell, E.M., Sripada, K., Stonkute, D., Sorensen, R.J.D., Solhaug, S., Vonen, H.D., Westby, C., Zheng, P., Mohammad, T., Eikemo, T.A., and Gakidou, E., 2024, Effects of education on adult mortality: A global systematic review and meta-analysis, The Lancet Public Health, 9(3), e155-e165. 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00306-7 38278172 PMC10901745
  15. Banerjee, R. and Kapoor, M., 2024, The relationship between education and fertility rates: A comparative study of developing and developed countries, Progression Journal of Human Demography and Anthropology, 2(4), 8-14.
  16. Bangay, C., 2022, Education, anthropogenic environmental change, and sustainable development: A rudimentary framework and reflections on proposed causal pathways for positive change in low- and lower-middle income countries, Development Policy Review, 40(6), e12615. 10.1111/dpr.12615
  17. Batljan, I. and Thorslund, M., 2009, The effect of change in educational composition on population ageing, European Journal of Ageing, 6(3), 191-200. 10.1007/s10433-009-0122-z 28798603 PMC5547369
  18. Blankespoor, B., Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., and Wheeler, D., 2010a, Adaptation to climate extremes in developing countries: The role of education, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5342, World Bank, Washington D.C. 10.1596/1813-9450-5342
  19. _________________________________________________, 2010b, The economics of adaptation to extreme weather events in developing countries, Center for Global Development Working Paper 199, Center for Global Development, Washington D.C.
  20. Bongaarts, J., 2010, The causes of educational differences in fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa, Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 8, 31-50. 10.1553/populationyearbook2010s31
  21. Burgess, S., 2016, Human capital and education: The state of the art in the economics of education, IZA Discussion Papers 9885, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn. 10.2139/ssrn.2769193
  22. Caldwell, J.C., 1979, Education as a factor in mortality decline an examination of Nigerian data, Population Studies, 33(3), 395-413. 10.2307/2173888
  23. Caruso, G., de Marcos, I., and Noy, I., 2024, Climate changes affect human capital, Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 8(1), 157-196. 10.1007/s41885-023-00140-2
  24. Chen, S., 2022, The positive effect of women’s education on fertility in low-fertility China, European Journal of Population, 38(1), 125-161. 10.1007/s10680-021-09603-2 35370527 PMC8924343
  25. Cheng, H., Luo, W., Si, S., Xin, X., Peng, Z., Zhou, H., Liu, H., and Yu, Y., 2022, Global trends in total fertility rate and its relation to national wealth, life expectancy and female education, BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1346. 10.1186/s12889-022-13656-1 35836246 PMC9284852
  26. Coale, A.J., 1956, The effects of changes in mortality and fertility on age composition, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 34(1), 79-114. 10.2307/3348332
  27. Cooley, H., Moore, E., Heberger, M., and Allen, L., 2012, Social vulnerability to climate change in California, California Energy Commission, Sacramento.
  28. Cutter, S.L., Emrich, C.T., Webb, J.J., and Morath, D., 2009, Social vulnerability to climate variability hazards: A review of the literature, Final Report to Oxfam America, 5, 1-44.
  29. d’Albis, H., Greulich, A., and Ponthière, G., 2017, Education, labour, and the demographic consequences of birth postponement in Europe, Demographic Research, 36(1), 691-728. 10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.23
  30. Deuster, C., 2021, Climate change and educational attainment: The role of human mobility, Journal of Development Studies, 57(9), 1527-1548. 10.1080/00220388.2021.1898592
  31. Dodson, J.C., Derer, P., Cafaro, P., and Götmark, F., 2020, Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier, Science of the Total Environment, 748, 141346. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346
  32. Donner, W. and Rodríguez, H., 2008, Population composition, migration and inequality: The influence of demographic changes on disaster risk and vulnerability, Social Forces, 87(2), 1089-1114. 10.1353/sof.0.0141
  33. Ehsan, S., Begum, R.A., Maulud, K.N.A., and Yaseen, Z.M., 2022, Households’ perceptions and socio-economic determinants of climate change awareness: Evidence from Selangor Coast Malaysia, Journal of Environmental Management, 316, 115261. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115261
  34. Fang, H., Jakovljevic, M., Kumagai, N., and Ogura, S., 2023, Global population aging - Health care, social and economic consequences, volume II, Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1184950. 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1184950 37139362 PMC10150406
  35. Feinstein, N.W. and Mach, K.J., 2020, Three roles for education in climate change adaptation, Climate Policy, 20(3), 317-322. 10.1080/14693062.2019.1701975
  36. Ferrari, R., 2015, Writing narrative style literature reviews, Medical writing, 24(4), 230-235. 10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329
  37. Fischer, M., Karlsson, M., and Nilsson, T., 2013, Effects of compulsory schooling on mortality: Evidence from Sweden, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(8), 3596-3618. 10.3390/ijerph10083596 23945539 PMC3774459
  38. Fonseca, R., Michaud, P.C., and Zheng, Y., 2020, The effect of education on health: Evidence from national compulsory schooling reforms, SERIEs, 11(1), 83-103. 10.1007/s13209-019-0201-0
  39. Forhad, M.A.R. and Alam, G.M., 2026, A global-scale examination of associations between education and climate vulnerability and adaptability, The Journal of Environmental Education, 1-29. 10.1080/00958964.2025.2605254
  40. Fox, J., Klüsener, S., and Myrskylä, M., 2019, Is a positive relationship between fertility and economic development emerging at the sub-national regional level? Theoretical considerations and evidence from Europe, European Journal of Population, 35, 487-518. 10.1007/s10680-018-9485-1 31372102 PMC6639514
  41. Fuchs, R., Pamuk, E., and Lutz, W., 2010, Education or wealth: Which matters more for reducing child mortality in developing countries? Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 8, 175-199. 10.1553/populationyearbook2010s175
  42. Garbett, A., Neal, S., Luna Hernandez, A., and Tzavidis, N., 2025, Reframing the relationship between fertility and education in adolescence: 60 years of evidence from Latin America, Population and Development Review, 51(2), 656-701. 10.1111/padr.12720
  43. Gianfredi, V., Nucci, D., Pennisi, F., Maggi, S., Veronese, N., and Soysal, P., 2025, Aging, longevity, and healthy aging: The public health approach, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(1), 125. 10.1007/s40520-025-03021-8 40244306 PMC12006278
  44. Götmark, F. and Andersson, M., 2020, Human fertility in relation to education, economy, religion, contraception, and family planning programs, BMC Public Health, 20(1), 265. 10.1186/s12889-020-8331-7 32087705 PMC7036237
  45. Han, J.S. and Lee, J.W., 2020, Demographic change, human capital, and economic growth in Korea, Japan and the World Economy, 53, 100984. 10.1016/j.japwor.2019.100984
  46. Hanushek, E.A. and Kimko, D.D., 2000, Schooling, labor-force quality, and the growth of nations, The American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184-1208. 10.1257/aer.90.5.1184
  47. Hanushek, E.A. and Wößmann, L., 2007, The role of education quality in economic growth, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4122, World Bank, Washington D.C.
  48. Hügel, S. and Davies, A.R., 2024, Expanding adaptive capacity: Innovations in education for place-based climate change adaptation planning, Geoforum, 150, 103978. 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.103978
  49. Indaco, A. and Ortega, F., 2024, Adapting to climate risk? Local population dynamics in the United States, Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 8(1), 61-106. 10.1007/s41885-024-00141-9
  50. IPCC, 2022a, Point of departure and key concepts, in Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, 121-196. 10.1017/9781009325844.003
  51. ____, 2022b, Technical summary, in Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, 37-118. 10.1017/9781009325844.002
  52. Javaid, A., Kalim, R., and Hassan, M.S., 2024, The role of human capital in strengthening energy mix-climate change relation: A study of selected low and high vulnerable economies, Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 13(1), 209-221. 10.61506/01.00190
  53. Jiang, L. and Hardee, K., 2011, How do recent population trends matter to climate change?, Population Research and Policy Review, 30(2), 287-312. 10.1007/s11113-010-9189-7
  54. Jung, D.B., 2015, Effectiveness of higher education to labor productivity, PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 11-22. 10.20319/pijss.2015.11.0122
  55. Kagawa, F. and Selby, D., 2012, Ready for the storm: Education for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation and mitigation1, Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 6(2), 207-217. 10.1177/0973408212475200
  56. KC, S. and Lentzner, H., 2010, The effect of education on adult mortality and disability: A global perspective, Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 201-235. 10.1553/populationyearbook2010s201
  57. KC, S. and Lutz, W., 2017, The human core of the shared socioeconomic pathways: Population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to 2100, Global Environmental Change, 42, 181-192. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004 28239237 PMC5310112
  58. KC, S., Barakat, B., Goujon, A., Skirbekk, V., Sanderson, W., and Lutz, W., 2010, Projection of populations by level of educational attainment, age, and sex for 120 countries for 2005-2050, Demographic Research, 22, 383-472. 10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.15
  59. Kemptner, D., Jurges, H., and Reinhold, S., 2011, Changes in compulsory schooling and the causal effect of education on health: Evidence from Germany, Journal of Health Economics, 30(2), 340-354. 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.01.004
  60. Kim, K.W. and Kim, O.S., 2020, Super aging in South Korea unstoppable but mitigatable: A sub-national scale population projection for best policy planning, Spatial Demography, 8(2), 155-173. 10.1007/s40980-020-00061-8 34222615 PMC8248505
  61. Kim, O.S., Han, J., Kim, K.W., Matthews, S.A., and Shim, C., 2022, Depopulation, super aging, and extreme heat events in South Korea, Climate Risk Management, 38, 100456. 10.1016/j.crm.2022.100456 37799350 PMC10553378
  62. Kotschy, R., Urtaza, P.S., and Sunde, U., 2020, The demographic dividend is more than an education dividend, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(42), 25982-25984. 10.1073/pnas.2012286117 33020314 PMC7584873
  63. Kye, B., Arenas, E., Teruel, G., and Rubalcava, L., 2014, Education, elderly health, and differential population aging in South Korea: A demographic approach, Demographic Research, 30(1), 753-794. 10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.26
  64. Lager, A.C.J. and Torssander, J., 2012, Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(22), 8461-8466. 10.1073/pnas.1105839109 22586112 PMC3365223
  65. Lemos, M.C., Agrawal, A., Eakin, H., Nelson, D.R., Engle, N.L., and Johns, O., 2013, Building adaptive capacity to climate change in less developed countries, in Climate science for serving society: Research, modeling and prediction priorities, Springer, 437-457. 10.1007/978-94-007-6692-1_16
  66. Liu, D.H. and Raftery, A.E., 2020, How do education and family planning accelerate fertility decline?, Population and Development Review, 46(3), 409-441. 10.1111/padr.12347 33132461 PMC7590131
  67. Lutz, W. and KC, S., 2011, Global human capital: Integrating education and population, Science, 333(6042), 587-592. 10.1126/science.1206964
  68. Lutz, W. and Muttarak, R., 2017, Forecasting societies’ adaptive capacities through a demographic metabolism model, Nature Climate Change, 7(3), 177-184. 10.1038/nclimate3222
  69. Lutz, W. and Striessnig, E., 2015, Demographic aspects of climate change mitigation and adaptation, Population Studies, 69(sup1), S69-S76. 10.1080/00324728.2014.969929
  70. Lutz, W., Goujon, A., and Doblhammer-Reiter, G., 1998, Demographic dimensions in forecasting: Adding education to age and sex, Population and Development Review, 24, 42-58. 10.2307/2808050
  71. Lutz, W., Goujon, A., and Wils, A., 2008, The population dynamics of human capital accumulation, Population and Development Review, 34, 149-187.
  72. Lutz, W., Butz, W.P., and KC, S., 2014, World population and human capital in the twenty-first century, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703167.001.0001
  73. McLeman, R., 2010, Impacts of population change on vulnerability and the capacity to adapt to climate change and variability: A typology based on lessons from “a hard country”, Population and Environment, 31(5), 286-316. 10.1007/s11111-009-0087-z
  74. Méndez, M., Flores-Haro, G., and Zucker, L., 2020, The (in)visible victims of disaster: Understanding the vulnerability of undocumented Latino/a and indigenous immigrants, Geoforum, 116, 50-62. 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.007 32834081 PMC7413658
  75. Muttarak, R., 2017, Focusing on demographic differential vulnerability, Panel contribution to the Population-Environment Research Network Cyberseminar Culture, Beliefs and the Environment, Wittgenstein Centre, Vienna, 1-8.
  76. ___________, 2021, Demographic perspectives in research on global environmental change, Population Studies, 75(S1), 77-104. 10.1080/00324728.2021.1988684
  77. Muttarak, R. and Lutz, W., 2014, Is education a key to reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and hence unavoidable climate change?, Ecology and Society, 19(1), 42. 10.5751/ES-06476-190142
  78. Myrskylä, M., Kohler, H.P., and Billari, F.C., 2009, Advances in development reverse fertility declines, Nature, 460(7256), 741-743. 10.1038/nature08230
  79. OECD, 2024, Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  80. O’Neill, B.C. and Chen, B.S., 2002, Demographic determinants of household energy use in the United States, Population and Development Review, 28, 53-88.
  81. O’Neill, B.C., Jiang, L., KC, S., Fuchs, R., Pachauri, S., Laidlaw, E.K., Zhang, T., Zhou, W., and Ren, X., 2020, The effect of education on determinants of climate change risks, Nature Sustainability, 3(7), 520-528. 10.1038/s41893-020-0512-y
  82. Oosthuizen, M. and Magero, J., 2021, Modelling the demographic dividend: A review of methodologies, United Nations Population Fund and African Institute for Development Policy.
  83. Otto, I.M., Reckien, D., Reyer, C.P.O., Marcus, R., le Masson, V., Jones, L., Norton, A., and Serdeczny, O., 2017, Social vulnerability to climate change: A review of concepts and evidence, Regional Environmental Change, 17(6), 1651-1662. 10.1007/s10113-017-1105-9
  84. Pal, A., Tsusaka, T.W., Nguyen, T.P.L., and Ahmad, M.M., 2023, Assessment of vulnerability and resilience of school education to climate-induced hazards: A review, Development Studies Research, 10(1), 2202826. 10.1080/21665095.2023.2202826
  85. Potts, M. and Marsh, L., 2010, The population factor: How does it relate to climate change?, Climate Adaptation.
  86. Pradhan, E.K., West, K.P., Katz, J., Leclerq, S.C., Khatry, S.K., and Shrestha, S.R., 2007, Risk of flood-related mortality in Nepal, Disasters, 31(1), 57-70. 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00340.x
  87. Prentice, C.M., Vergunst, F., Minor, K., and Berry, H. L., 2024, Education outcomes in the era of global climate change, Nature Climate Change, 14(3), 214-224. 10.1038/s41558-024-01945-z
  88. Prskawetz, A., Leiwen, J., and O’Neill, B.C., 2004, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria, Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 2, 175-201. 10.1553/populationyearbook2004s175
  89. Reckien, D., Creutzig, F., Fernandez Milan, B., Lwasa, S., Tovar-Restrepo, M., McEvoy, D., and Satterthwaite, D., 2017, Climate change, equity and sustainable development goals: An urban perspective, Environment and Urbanization, 29(1), 159-182. 10.1177/0956247816677778
  90. Redicker, S., Franco Gavonel, M., Adger, W.N., Safra De Campos, R., Abu, M., Boly, S., Codjoe, S.N.A., Etana, D., Gurmu, E., Nicolle, H., and Owuor, J., 2025, Gender dimensions of adaptive capacity and adaptation responses to climate shocks in rural households: Ghana, Mali, Kenya, and Ethiopia, Environmental Research Letters, 20(9), 094017. 10.1088/1748-9326/adf23b
  91. Ruiz-Mallén, I., Satorras, M., March, H., and Baró, F., 2022, Community climate resilience and environmental education: Opportunities and challenges for transformative learning, Environmental Education Research, 28(7), 1088-1107. 10.1080/13504622.2022.2070602
  92. Samways, D., 2023, Vulnerable populations: The role of population dynamics in climate change resilience and adaptation in Africa, The Journal of Population and Sustainability, 7(2), 5-13. 10.3197/JPS.63799953906870
  93. Schoeni, R.F., Freedman, V.A., and Martin, L.G., 2008, Why is late-life disability declining?, Milbank Quarterly, 86(1), 47-89. 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2007.00513.x 18307477 PMC2690336
  94. Scolobig, A. and Balsiger, J., 2024, Emerging trends in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation higher education, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 105, 104383. 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104383
  95. Sianesi, B., 2002, The returns to education: A review of the empirical macro-economic literature, IFS Working Papers, W02/05, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London. 10.1920/wp.ifs.2002.0205
  96. Sianesi, B. and Reenen, J.V., 2003, The returns to education: Macroeconomics, Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(2), 157-200. 10.1111/1467-6419.00192
  97. Silles, M.A., 2009, The causal effect of education on health: Evidence from the United Kingdom, Economics of Education Review, 28(1), 122-128. 10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.02.003
  98. Skarzauskiene, A., Mačiuliené, M., and Kovaité, K., 2024, Citizen engagement in climate adaptation surveyed: Identifying challenges in education and capacity building, European Journal of Education, 59(4), e12732. 10.1111/ejed.12732
  99. Striessnig, E., Lutz, W., and Patt, A.G., 2013, Effects of educational attainment on climate risk vulnerability, Ecology and Society, 18(1), 1-16. 10.5751/ES-05252-180116
  100. Thomas, K., Hardy, R.D., Lazrus, H., Mendez, M., Orlove, B., Rivera-Collazo, I., Roberts, J.T., Rockman, M., Warner, B.P., and Winthrop, R., 2019, Explaining differential vulnerability to climate change: A social science review, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 10(2), e565. 10.1002/wcc.565 31007726 PMC6472565
  101. Trujillo-Falcón, J.E., Gaviria Pabon, A.R., Reedy, J., and Klockow-McClain, K.E., 2024, Systemic vulnerabilities in Hispanic and Latinx immigrant communities led to the reliance on an informal warning system in the December 10-11, 2021, tornado outbreak, Natural Hazards Review, 25(2), 04023059. 10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-1755
  102. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2024, World Population Prospects 2024: Metadata on Variants, United Nations.
  103. United Nations Development Programme, 2025, Technical notes: Human Development Report 2025, United Nations Development Programme.
  104. Vollset, S.E., Goren, E., Yuan, C.W., Cao, J., Smith, A.E., Hsiao, T., Bisignano, C., Azhar, G.S., Castro, E., Chalek, J., Dolgert, A.J., Frank, T., Fukutaki, K., Hay, S.I., Lozano, R., Mokdad, A.H., Nandakumar, V., Pierce, M., Pletcher, M., Robalik, T., Steuben, K.M., Wunrow, H.Y., Zlavog, B.S., and Murray, C.J.L., 2020, Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: A forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet, 396(10258), 1285-1306. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2 32679112 PMC7561721
  105. Walker, S.E., Bruyere, B.L., Zarestky, J., Yasin, A., Lenaiyasa, E., Lolemu, A., and Pickering, T., 2022, Education and adaptive capacity: The influence of formal education on climate change adaptation of pastoral women, Climate and Development, 14(5), 409-418. 10.1080/17565529.2021.1930508
  106. Wamsler, C., Brink, E., and Rentala, O., 2012, Climate change, adaptation, and formal education: The role of schooling for increasing societies’ adaptive capacities in El Salvador and Brazil, Ecology and Society, 17(2), 2. 10.5751/ES-04645-170202
  107. Wilson, R.A. and Briscoe, G., 2004, The impact of human capital on economic growth: A review, in Impact of Education and Training, Third Report on Vocational Training Research in Europe: Background Report, Cedefop Reference Series 54, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 377-382.
  108. Wire, T., 2009, Reducing future carbon emissions by investing in family planning: A cost-benefit analysis, London School of Economics and Political Science.
  109. Wylie, D., Amornsiripanitch, N., Heilbron, J., and Zhao, K., 2025, JUE Insights: Who bears climate-related physical risk?, Journal of Urban Economics, 149, 103791. 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103791
  110. Yu, J., Castellani, K., Forysinski, K., Gustafson, P., Lu, J., Peterson, E., Tran, M., Yao, A., Zhao, J., and Brauer, M., 2021, Geospatial indicators of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to assess neighbourhood variation in vulnerability to climate change-related health hazards, Environmental Health, 20(1), 31. 10.1186/s12940-021-00708-z 33752667 PMC7986027
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Association of Regional Geographers
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지역지리학회
  • Journal Title :REGION AND GEOGRAPHY
  • Journal Title(Ko) :지역과 지리
  • Volume : 32
  • No :3
  • Pages :1-32
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.26863/JKARG.2026.8.32.3.1
Journal Informaiton REGION AND GEOGRAPHY REGION AND GEOGRAPHY
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close